How to Import

What are the Basic steps to Importing?

Importing is often thought to be easier than exporting and perhaps in some ways it is, but there are many traps for the unwary and inexperienced.

It is important that you understand the basic steps:

• BEFORE thinking about placing an order on your overseas supplier, remember that you don't have to be an expert in all facets of importing. Professional advice is available from your Customs Broker or Forwarding Agent or the Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

• A useful way of gaining an insight into the processes involved in importing is to attend the International Trade (Import/Export) Course put on periodically by the College of International Business.

Why Import?

There are numerous reasons for importing goods. Perhaps you need to import a piece of capital machinery to be used in your company's operations, or perhaps the imported goods are components or inputs to be used in a manufacturing process.

The most common reason is to import for resale (and this is the side of importing we will concentrate on). Whatever the reason, it is important that you accurately determine the landed cost, i.e. the cost of the goods delivered to your warehouse, before you place an order.

The list price of a product in Taiwan or Argentina for example may seem unbelievably cheap, but with on-costs (e.g. freight, insurance, import duty,Gst tax, bank charges, interest, etc.) the product might not be competitive on the Australian market, even before allowing for your profit margin.

It is important that you do your homework first. Having a firm idea that there is a real potential market in Australia for the type of products you wish to import

We have listed the basic steps for importing are as follows:

Obtain a catalogue and/or sample plus prices from:

The supplier
The initial contact with a product may come through personal experience on an overseas trip or by contact with a supplier at a trade fair on a trade mission.

Other sources
Other sources of assistance include foreign consulates, overseas Chambers of Commerce, banks, shipping agents etc. See appendix for contact details.

Before proceeding with an order it may be prudent to obtain Bank or Commercial references as to the integrity and 'bona fides' of the supplier.

Overseas quotations

Having obtained what appears to be a satisfactory source of supply the next step is to get a firm quotation.
Remember to enquire about quantity discounts. Some suppliers may also help to provide assistance with initial marketing expenses, particularly if a new market is being penetrated.

The price should be based on, and include a reference to, Incoterms (ICC publication - available ) e.g. US$100 FOB Hong Kong 1990 Incoterms or A$500 CIF Melbourne 1990 Incoterms.

A reference to Incoterms in the contract price reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings between you and the supplier in transporting the goods to Australia. You should familiarise yourself with the technicalities of Incoterms.

If you require a CIF price, make sure you also ask the supplier to provide you with the FOB price, which will be needed to determine import duties & Gst tax that is payable. By having both prices you can compare the freight/insurance rates you are able to obtain against those of the supplier.

The price should be quoted in Australian Dollars or another major currency. Exchange risks are eliminated if Australian Dollar quotes are used.

Apply to your Customs broker

Apply to your customs broker for a classification opinion, import duty rates, sales tax rates, import restrictions and tariff concessions (if any) and quarantine requirement (if any): imported food will probably require Australian Quarantine certification, wooden items may require fumigation certificates.

Note that import quotas no longer apply when importing goods into Australia. See appendix for list of customs brokers.
Obtain freight and insurance rates

Obtain a freight rate from a freight forwarder, shipping company or airline. Obtain an insurance rate from a marine cargo insurance company; your freight forwarder may also be able to arrange this for you.

If you have been quoted a CIF or CIP price compare the insurance/freight components with those you have obtained. Remember also, that it may be easier to execute a claim with you marine insurer than with the Australian agent of exporter's marine insurer.

Finance

See the international division of your bank to discuss financial considerations, e.g. how will you finance the transaction and what will it cost to finance? What method of payment is to be used? This may be negotiable with the supplier. Whichever method is to be used, what will be the bank charges?

Prepare a cost analysis

Make sure you include all cost elements i.e. all freight costs into your warehouse, insurance, interest and bank charges, customs clearance charges, import duties, sales tax and your profit.
Your customs broker will undertake this exercise for you if you wish.

• Ensure you have logistics in place to follow up an order

• Is the infrastructure in place to follow up an order?

• Where will the product be warehoused?

• What inventory control mechanisms do you have in place?

• How and who will distribute the product?

• What marketing channels/promotion outlets will you use?

• How will you give after-sales service and back up to the product?

• What quality control procedures are in place?

• Do you have the necessary personnel?

• Is it commercially viable? - Analyse your target market

• Where is your market going to be - local or national?

• Who are your customers?

• What is your competition?

• What market share do you expect?

• What is the growth potential in your sector of the market?

• What profit margin do you expect in the short/long term?

• Have you considered a trial order to test your product on the market?

• Many of the principles of research applied in analysing an export market apply just as well to the local market The Australian Bureau of Statistics may be able to provide import and consumption statistics for categories of product.

• Publications such as the Grocery Industries Marketing Guide provide sales and market share statistics. However the most valuable feedback will come from potential customers when shown the product.

• Place an order with the supplier

• Place an order with the supplier and request written confirmation of the receipt and acceptance of your order.

• Your order could be placed in one of several ways - on a printed purchase order form, which could be faxed or mailed, or by letter, email or facsimile.

Ensure that the terms and conditions of the resultant contract of sale are fully understood by both parties i.e.:

• The product/goods

• Quality/specifications

• Packaging/packing

• Price and price basis

• Payment terms

• Shipping

• Special requirements

• Documentation

All orders should be typed and include full cost, quantity and shipping procedure details. It is advisable to set up a structured order form as is required under letters of credit, whatever the method of payment.

Quality

As well as quality control from a marketing and retention of customer’s point of view, the importer should be aware of the various State and Federal Consumer standard regulations. The importer should also be aware that, whilst a letter of credit ensures that the exporter has supplied the required documentation, the quality of the goods is not guaranteed.

One way to ensure that the goods are as stated and meet specifications is to make it a condition of the LC or of payment that the goods are inspected prior to shipment by an independent inspection agency. These agents may even inspect the production of goods at the exporters factory, if required. It should be noted however, that each inspection involves a cost, which usually has to be borne by the importer (a list of inspection agents operating in Victoria can be found in the appendix, agents from the major companies such as Bureau Veritas and S.G.S. operate in most countries).

Another way of testing the quality and delivery of goods is to place a small trial order with the exporter.

Packaging/packing

Packaging is an important aspect in the promotion of a product. Not only must this be attractive to the Australian consumer but must comply with Government regulations. For example, most products must display, in English, the country of origin.

For information on packaging regulations and country of origin labelling contact the Trade Measurements Branch of the State Development Department (Tel: (03) 9651 9876) & the Australian Customs Service refer to our link section
If you are importing a product investigate whether it is appropriate that you obtain an Australian Product Number code (barcode) so that the product can be scanned at checkouts.

Price and price basis

Include reference to Incoterms 1990, i.e. unit price, total price and unit of currency. If the shipment is to be paid for in foreign currency are you going to hedge against currency fluctuations? If you don't the shipment may cost more, in Australian Dollar terms, than you originally anticipated.

Payment terms

Is payment to be against a letter of credit established by the importer or a documentary collection or some other method? What is the method of payment? i.e. a term or sight bill of exchange or a telegraphic transfer.

Shipping

The method of shipment, air or sea, will depend on a number of factors, namely cost, type of produce and speed of delivery required.

Special Requirements

For example, fumigation requirements, time constraints.

Documentation

Documents that should be received by the importer's bank (under LC or collection) or by the importer (under open account) prior to the arrival of goods include:

Order confirmation, Shipping Advice, Commercial Invoice, Customs Invoice, Packing Slip ,Insurance Policy, Contract and legal considerations

Selling goods internationally is governed by an international convention -The Sale of Goods (Vienna Convention) Act (1989). Copies of this act are available from State and Federal printing offices.

The Convention applies to international sales contracts where both parties' governments are signatories. However, the two parties in the sales contract can mutually agree to ignore or vary any of the convention's provisions.

The rules of the Convention differ little from those applying to contracts made up under Australian commercial law. They offer some protection to the buyer regarding the quality of the goods. Under the convention the seller is obliged to provide the goods which: are fit for the purpose that the buyer specified

Possess the same quality of the goods that the seller has held out as a sample to the buyer are packed in a manner sufficient to preserve and protect the goods.If the contract is drawn up using both the provisions of the Convention and Incoterms 1990 then disputes between the parties should be minimal

Advise your Customs Broker of shipping details

Advice your customs broker of the shipping details as given by your supplier (unless you intend to clear the goods yourself). Do this as soon as you receive the details to avoid delays in clearing the goods.
In countries such as China, where the banks are responsible for processing documentation, the customs broker may not receive notification of the shipment until after the goods arrive.
Your bank will advise when the shipping have arrived
Ensure the documents are in order before you accept them.

When goods arrive

When the goods arrive ensure that your customs broker is in the process of clearing them through customs and quarantine. To clear the goods your broker (or yourself if you intend clearing the goods) will need the bill of lading/air waybill, commercial invoice and any other relevant documents.
Take delivery and examine consignment immediately for Insurance
Give a clean receipt for the goods only when satisfied as to their quality, quantity and condition.

Insurance

Q. Why should I insure my cargo?

Answer:
We take every care to ensure the safe handling and transportation of your consignment. However, we recommend insurance because there is always a risk of unforeseen circumstances damaging your goods (e.g. fire or theft). Our question to you is, "Can you afford not to insure your consignment?"

It is the responsibility of overseas importers to insure consignments when the shipment is on a Free On Board (FOB) or Cost and Freight (CFR) basis. It is the exporters obligation to arrange insurance in CIF/CIP contracts. Banks providing documentary credit will usually want insurance on at least the CFR value of the goods.